LDD MOSFET表面横向电场模型及其应用

本文提出了一种计算LDD(Light-Doped Drain)MOSFET表面横向电场的解析模型.该模型含LDD MOSFET几何和掺杂参数,可用以计算具有不同长度、结深及掺杂的轻掺杂漏区的LDD MOSFET表面横向电场,并可计算常规MOSFET和缓交漏MOSFET的表面横向电场.用该模型算得结果与用FD-MINIMOS进行数值计算得到的结果相符.基于该模型算得的电场结果,可计算衬底电流,并进而计算击穿电压.该模型可十分简便地确定LDDMOSFET的最佳几何参数的掺杂参数,为LDD MOSFET的设计提供便利的工具和快速的参数提取方法.     

Interference among deleterious mutations favours sex and recombination in finite populations

Sex and recombination are widespread, but explaining these phenomena has been one of the most difficult problems in evolutionary biology. Recombination is advantageous when different individuals in a population carry different advantageous alleles. By bringing together advantageous alleles onto the same chromosome, recombination speeds up the process of adaptation and opposes the fixation of harmful mutations by means of Muller's ratchet. Nevertheless, adaptive substitutions favour sex and recombination only if the rate of adaptive mutation is high, and Muller's ratchet operates only in small or asexual populations. Here, by tracking the fate of modifier alleles that alter the frequency of sex and recombination, we show that background selection against deleterious mutant alleles provides a stochastic advantage to sex and recombination that increases with population size. The advantage arises because, with low levels of recombination, selection at other loci severely reduces the effective population size and genetic variance in fitness at a focal locus (the Hill-Robertson effect), making a population less able to respond to selection and to rid itself of deleterious mutations. Sex and recombination reveal the hidden genetic variance in fitness by combining chromosomes of intermediate fitness to create chromosomes that are relatively free of (or are loaded with) deleterious mutations. This increase in genetic variance within finite populations improves the response to selection and generates a substantial advantage to sex and recombination that is fairly insensitive to the form of epistatic interactions between deleterious alleles. The mechanism supported by our results offers a robust and broadly applicable explanation for the evolutionary advantage of recombination and can explain the spread of costly sex.     

Mutations in a novel gene,NPHP3, cause adolescent nephronophthisis,tapeto-retinal degeneration and hepatic fibrosis

Nephronophthisis (NPHP), a group of autosomal recessive cystic kidney disorders, is the most common genetic cause of progressive renal failure in children and young adults. NPHP may be associated with Leber congenital amaurosis, tapeto-retinal degeneration, cerebellar ataxia, cone-shaped epiphyses, congenital oculomotor apraxia and hepatic fibrosis. Loci associated with an infantile type of NPHP on 9q22-q31 (NPHP2), juvenile types of NPHP on chromosomes 2q12-q13 (NPHP1) and 1p36 (NPHP4) and an adolescent type of NPHP on 3q21-q22 (NPHP3) have been mapped. NPHP1 and NPHP4 have been identified, and interaction of the respective encoded proteins nephrocystin and nephrocystin-4 has been shown. Here we report the identification of NPHP3, encoding a novel 1,330-amino acid protein that interacts with nephrocystin. We describe mutations in NPHP3 in families with isolated NPHP and in families with NPHP with associated hepatic fibrosis or tapeto-retinal degeneration. We show that the mouse ortholog Nphp3 is expressed in the node, kidney tubules, retina, respiratory epithelium, liver, biliary tract and neural tissues. In addition, we show that a homozygous missense mutation in Nphp3 is probably responsible for the polycystic kidney disease (pcy) mouse phenotype. Interventional studies in the pcy mouse have shown beneficial effects by modification of protein intake and administration of methylprednisolone, suggesting therapeutic strategies for treating individuals with NPHP3.     

(Li_4·Li_2H_2)_x链的量子化学从头计算

熔盐-金属界面的电子结构,迄今尚无认真的研究工作。作者之一曾用量子化学计算研究过熔盐-液体金属溶液的电子结构,证明金属原子和金属离子间有电子迁移并形成原子簇离子。用量子化学方法探讨熔盐-金属界面的电子结构,应是一种有益的尝试。     

砷化镓隧道二极管伏安特性的若干研究

本文报导了砷化镓隧道二极管的峰值电流I_p,谷值电流I_v,峰值电压V_p,谷值电压V_v四参数温度关系的实验结果;(温度取77°K、195°K、296°K、365°K等四个固定点)分析了砷化镓隧道二极管的反向伏安特性,分析表明:反向伏安特性可用Chynoweth等提出的内场发射电流表示式来描写;也初步分析了正向负阻区后较大偏压范围内的伏安特性.     

阻抗圆图法测量双极型晶体管EM_2模型参数r′_b,r′_e及τ_F

在双极型晶体管EM_2模型参数中引入的基极电阻r'_b是重要的也是较难测量的参数之一。本文报导了用阻抗圆图法测量晶体管在小讯号正向运用时的基极电阻r'_b,发射极电阻r'_e以及r'_b和r'_e随工作点的变化。并用圆图法求得正向渡越时间τ_F。     

Allometric degree distributions facilitate food-web stability

In natural ecosystems, species are linked by feeding interactions that determine energy fluxes and create complex food webs. The stability of these food webs enables many species to coexist and to form diverse ecosystems. Recent theory finds predator-prey body-mass ratios to be critically important for food-web stability. However, the mechanisms responsible for this stability are unclear. Here we use a bioenergetic consumer-resource model to explore how and why only particular predator-prey body-mass ratios promote stability in tri-trophic (three-species) food chains. We find that this 'persistence domain' of ratios is constrained by bottom-up energy availability when predators are much smaller than their prey and by enrichment-driven dynamics when predators are much larger. We also find that 97% of the tri-trophic food chains across five natural food webs exhibit body-mass ratios within the predicted persistence domain. Further analyses of randomly rewired food webs show that body mass and allometric degree distributions in natural food webs mediate this consistency. The allometric degree distributions hold that the diversity of species' predators and prey decreases and increases, respectively, with increasing species' body masses. Our results demonstrate how simple relationships between species' body masses and feeding interactions may promote the stability of complex food webs.